In 1974 Congress enacted the National Research Act (P.L. In the United States, concern over the rights and welfare of humans involved in research prompted changes in grant policy. In 1947, the Nuremberg Code established ten major ethical principles for human subjects research and later the World Medical Association established its own code of research ethics at a meeting in Helsinki, Finland and revised it several times over the years to keep pace with the changing technologies and types of human subjects research. Perhaps the most infamous examples were perpetrated by Nazi physicians during World War II, but there are several other examples of unethical research activities that took place in the United States.Īs a result, several international codes arose that addressed the issues of ethical treatment of research subjects. Review of the history of human subjects research provides us with many examples of unethical and inhumane treatment of human research subjects.
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